Supporting research

Lessons from other schools / Citations

Complete citations appendix · 22 September 2026

Follow every claim
back to its source.

45 source records and 49 evidence or interpretation entries. This is the complete register for this research pack, not a bibliography of all school closures.

Each source keeps its dates, exact location and any limits on how it was inspected. Recommendations are labelled as editorial inferences. Some original records may restrict automated access.

45 source records

The source register

S02 · Admission arrangements 2021-22: confirmation that Fletching closure did not proceedEast Sussex County Council · Primary council report

Published / record date: 2020-02-24 · Accessed: 2026-09-22

https://democracy.eastsussex.gov.uk/documents/s29315/Lead%20Member%2024%2002%2020%20Admission%20Arrangements%202021%20-%2022%20FINALamended.pdf
Exact location
Section 2.3
Inspection and access
Web page / indexed source text inspected 22 September 2026: retrieved successfully.
Used in
R01 · X01 · X02 · X04 · L01
S04 · General consultation responses: explanation of Godshill decisionIsle of Wight Council · Primary council response

Published / record date: 2025 programme; online version checked 2026-09-22 · Accessed: 2026-09-22

https://www.iow.gov.uk/media/2552/Download-general-responses-appendix/pdf/Appendix_2_-_General_Consultation_Responses_reviewed_Redacted.pdf?m=1770032808753
Exact location
Council response: retaining Godshill, rural presumption and previous Chillerton/Godshill decisions
Inspection and access
Web page / indexed source text inspected 22 September 2026: automated recheck returned HTTP 403. The original research inspection is recorded below; access may depend on the browser.
Used in
R02 · X01 · X02
S05 · Cabinet decision and minutes, 20 March 2025Isle of Wight Council · Primary decision/minutes

Published / record date: 2025-03-20 · Accessed: 2026-09-22

https://iow.moderngov.co.uk/ieListDocuments.aspx?CId=145&MId=2305&Ver=4
Exact location
Items 101a and 104
Inspection and access
Web page / indexed source text inspected 22 September 2026: automated recheck returned HTTP 403. The original research inspection is recorded below; access may depend on the browser.
Used in
R03 · R04 · R05 · F01 · F01-E2 · X01 · X02 · X03 · X07 · X08 · L03
S07 · STP661: Arreton St George's CE Primary SchoolOffice of the Schools Adjudicator · Primary determination

Published / record date: 2025-06-23 · Accessed: 2026-09-22

https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/685e6effc2633bd820a92b1d/STP661_Arreton_St_George_s_CE_Primary_School_Isle_of_Wight_23_June_2025.pdf
Exact location
Paragraphs 132-133; preceding procedural and community analysis
Inspection and access
Direct PDF retrieval and text inspection 22 September 2026: retrieved successfully.
Used in
R06 · X01 · X02 · X03 · X06 · X08 · L03
S10 · STP662: Fenstanton and Holy Trinity CofE Primary SchoolsOffice of the Schools Adjudicator · Primary determination

Published / record date: 2025-07-17 · Accessed: 2026-09-22

https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/68790744760bf6cedaf5be67/stp662-fenstanton-primary-school-and-holy-trinity-ofe-primary-school-determination-17-july-2025.pdf
Exact location
Paragraphs 29-39
Inspection and access
Direct PDF retrieval and text inspection 22 September 2026: retrieved successfully.
Used in
R08 · R09 · X01 · X02
S11 · R (Islington) v Secretary of State for Education [2024] EWHC 1798 (Admin)High Court; reproduced by BAILII · Primary judgment; search-index text inspected, direct fetch blocked

Published / record date: 2024-07-12 · Accessed: 2026-09-22

https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2024/1798.html
Exact location
Paragraphs 1, 52-53 (ministerial decision of 14 November 2023)
Inspection and access
Search-index judgment text; direct fetch blocked. No local judgment copy verified. 22 September 2026: retrieved successfully.
Used in
R10 · X01 · X02 · X06
S14 · Primary school closure plans halted after backlashBBC reporting syndicated by AOL · Secondary reporting quoting trust

Published / record date: 2026-06-26 · Accessed: 2026-09-22

https://www.aol.com/articles/primary-school-closure-plans-halted-105408000.html
Exact location
No structural changes planned for 2026/27 or 2027/28
Inspection and access
Web page / indexed source text inspected 22 September 2026: retrieved successfully.
Used in
R11 · X01 · X02
S15 · STP663: Hazlewood and Greenfields Primary SchoolsOffice of the Schools Adjudicator · Primary determination

Published / record date: 2026-06-30 · Accessed: 2026-09-22

https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6a44f5566c5c6d8122b815d4/STP663_Hazlewood_and_Greenfields_Primary_School_North_Tyneside_30_June_2026.pdf
Exact location
Paragraphs 67-74; school-type label differs between OSA landing page and GIAS
Inspection and access
Direct PDF retrieval and text inspection 22 September 2026: retrieved successfully.
Used in
R12 · X01 · X02 · X05
S19 · Kew Riverside Primary School consultation and supporting papersRichmond Council · Primary proposal

Published / record date: 2026-09; context checked 2026-09-22 · Accessed: 2026-09-22

https://www.richmond.gov.uk/services/children_and_family_care/schools_and_colleges/school_organisation_consultations/kew_riverside_consultation
Exact location
Council consultation; read alongside S20 and S21
Inspection and access
Web page / indexed source text inspected 22 September 2026: retrieved successfully.
Used in
CTX
S21 · Kew Riverside Primary School proposal pageParent-led Kew Riverside Primary School evidence hub · Secondary project context

Published / record date: Checked 2026-09-22 · Accessed: 2026-09-22

https://savekewriversideprimaryschool.org/proposal.html
Exact location
Current consultation stage and response deadline; live HTML retrieved
Inspection and access
Live HTML retrieved 22 September 2026: retrieved successfully.
Used in
CTX
S23 · STP656: St Bartholomew’s CofE Primary School, BrightonOffice of the Schools Adjudicator · Primary determination

Published / record date: 2024-06-14 · Accessed: 2026-09-22

https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/66ba1d0ba3c2a28abb50e040/STP656_St_Bartholomew_s_CofE_Primary_School_Brighton_and_Hove_14_June_2024.pdf
Exact location
Title page; paragraphs 47-49 and 79-91; PDF pages 15-16 and 23-25
Inspection and access
Direct PDF retrieval and text inspection 22 September 2026: retrieved successfully.
Used in
F03 · F03-E1 · F03-E2 · X07 · L02
S24 · Proposed closure of Broad Oak: Lead Member report and appendicesEast Sussex County Council · Primary council report (recommendation, not minutes)

Published / record date: 2020-03-09 · Accessed: 2026-09-22

https://democracy.eastsussex.gov.uk/documents/g4574/Public%20reports%20pack%2009th-Mar-2020%2010.30%20Lead%20Member%20for%20Education%20and%20Inclusion%20Special%20Education.pdf?T=10
Exact location
Sections 12.1-12.13 and 14-15; budget analysis PDF pages 17-19 (report pages 13-15)
Inspection and access
Direct PDF retrieval and text inspection 22 September 2026: retrieved successfully.
Used in
F02 · F02-E1 · F02-E2 · X07 · L01
S26 · School closures/mergers in September 2024: decision overviewHackney Education · Primary council decision summary

Published / record date: Decision 2023-12-11; page undated · Accessed: 2026-09-22

https://education.hackney.gov.uk/content/school-closures-mergers-2023
Exact location
Overview of decision process; De Beauvoir and Randal Cremer closures
Inspection and access
Web page / indexed source text inspected 22 September 2026: retrieved successfully.
Used in
F04 · X07
S27 · School Place Planning: Cabinet March 2025 report, with addendumIsle of Wight Council · Primary council report

Published / record date: 2025-03-20 · Accessed: 2026-09-22

https://iow.moderngov.co.uk/documents/s17805/5a%2B-%2BSchool%2BPlace%2BPlanning%2B-%2BCabinet%2BMarch%2B2025%2B-V2%2Bwith%2Baddendum.pdf
Exact location
Paragraphs 90-94, PDF page 25; paragraph 92 has the six online petition counts
Inspection and access
Direct PDF retrieval and text inspection 22 September 2026: retrieved successfully.
Used in
F01 · F01-E1 · X07 · X08 · L03
S28 · School place planning: action taken during 2024-2025Isle of Wight Council · Primary council follow-up

Published / record date: Undated; describes 2024-2025 actions · Accessed: 2026-09-22

https://www.iow.gov.uk/article/2369/School-place-planning
Exact location
Heading: What action has been taken by the Local Authority to address this issue so far? Cowes closure confirmed
Inspection and access
Web page / indexed source text inspected 22 September 2026: automated recheck returned HTTP 403. The original research inspection is recorded below; access may depend on the browser.
Used in
F01 · X03 · X07 · X08 · L03
S30 · Cabinet to decide next week on the proposals to close or merge schools in HackneyHackney Council · Primary council explanation; interested decision-maker

Published / record date: 2023-12-07 · Accessed: 2026-09-22

https://news.hackney.gov.uk/news/cabinet-to-decide-next-week-on-the-proposals-to-close-or-merge-schools-in-hackney
Exact location
Consultation totals and rationale for proceeding despite opposition; precise response denominator in S25 section 4.27
Inspection and access
Web page / indexed source text inspected 22 September 2026: retrieved successfully.
Used in
F04 · F04-E2 · X07 · H01
G06 · Arreton St George's Church of England (Aided) Primary School: establishment recordDepartment for Education, GIAS · Primary register

Published / record date: Checked 2026-09-22 · Accessed: 2026-09-22

https://get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/Establishments/Establishment/Details/118180
Exact location
URN 118180; establishment status, type and linked establishments
Inspection and access
Direct GIAS HTML retrieval 22 September 2026: retrieved successfully.
Used in
G-R06
G10 · St George's Church of England Primary School, Langton Matravers: establishment recordDepartment for Education, GIAS · Primary register

Published / record date: Checked 2026-09-22 · Accessed: 2026-09-22

https://get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/Establishments/Establishment/Details/150428
Exact location
URN 150428; establishment status, type and linked establishments
Inspection and access
Direct GIAS HTML retrieval 22 September 2026: retrieved successfully.
Used in
G-R11
49 claims and interpretations

Evidence and interpretation ledger

Open an entry to see its claim, sources and exact location. IDs such as S01 and G01 are sources. The other IDs describe cases, exhibits and interpretations.

R01 · Fletching Church of England Primary SchoolRecorded evidence

Consultation halted. The council's recommendation relied on an improved short-term budget, a largely maintained roll and the diocese's position. Its subsequent admissions report confirms that closure did not proceed.

S01 · S02

S01 sections 3.10, 6.4 and 7.1-7.6; S02 section 2.3

G-R01 · Fletching Church of England Primary School — register follow-upRecorded evidence

Open in GIAS on 22 September 2026

G01

Establishment status and linked establishments, checked 22 September 2026

R02 · Godshill Primary SchoolRecorded evidence

Removed before statutory notice. Cabinet retained the school, citing community interests, the rural-school presumption and earlier decisions concerning Chillerton and Godshill.

S03 · S04

December Cabinet outcome; S04 response explaining Godshill's removal

G-R02 · Godshill Primary School — register follow-upRecorded evidence

Open in GIAS on 22 September 2026

G02

Establishment status and linked establishments, checked 22 September 2026

R03 · Brading Church of England Controlled Primary SchoolRecorded evidence

Closure not pursued. Cabinet voted not to proceed. Published minutes record scrutiny and questions about costs and data, but do not isolate the reason for this school's outcome.

S05

Cabinet item 101a and item 104

G-R03 · Brading Church of England Controlled Primary School — register follow-upRecorded evidence

Open in GIAS on 22 September 2026

G03

Establishment status and linked establishments, checked 22 September 2026

R04 · Oakfield Church of England Aided Primary School, RydeRecorded evidence

Closure not pursued. Cabinet voted not to proceed. The minutes document the outcome without a school-specific causal explanation.

S05 · S06

S05 Cabinet item 101a; S06 account of the diocesan challenge

G-R04 · Oakfield Church of England Aided Primary School, Ryde — register follow-upRecorded evidence

Open in GIAS on 22 September 2026

G04

Establishment status and linked establishments, checked 22 September 2026

R05 · Wroxall Primary SchoolRecorded evidence

Closure not pursued. Cabinet voted not to proceed. The minutes do not attribute that decision to a particular intervention.

S05

Cabinet items 101a and 104

G-R05 · Wroxall Primary School — register follow-upRecorded evidence

Open in GIAS on 22 September 2026

G05

Establishment status and linked establishments, checked 22 September 2026

R06 · Arreton St George's Church of England (Aided) Primary SchoolRecorded evidence

Closure rejected by adjudicator. The adjudicators rejected the proposal because significant procedural flaws could have affected the outcome and the rural community impact had not been properly considered.

S07 · S06

STP661, paragraphs 132-133 and preceding analysis

G-R06 · Arreton St George's Church of England (Aided) Primary School — register follow-upRecorded evidence

Open in GIAS on 22 September 2026

G06

Establishment status and linked establishments, checked 22 September 2026

R07 · St John the Divine Church of England Primary SchoolRecorded evidence

Closure/merger proposal rejected. The adjudicator found deficiencies in the process and insufficient evidence that pupil transfers would produce a sustainable receiving school.

S08 · S09

STP659, paragraphs 44-61 and 68

G-R07 · St John the Divine Church of England Primary School — register follow-upRecorded evidence

Open in GIAS on 22 September 2026

G07

Establishment status and linked establishments, checked 22 September 2026

R08 · Fenstanton Primary SchoolRecorded evidence

Closure proposal rejected. The adjudicators rejected the closure and related amalgamation proposals because the decisions and procedures were unlawful.

S10

STP662, paragraphs 29-39

G-R08 · Fenstanton Primary School — register follow-upRecorded evidence

Open in GIAS on 22 September 2026

G08

Establishment status and linked establishments, checked 22 September 2026

R09 · Holy Trinity Church of England Primary School, Tulse HillRecorded evidence

Closure proposal rejected. The same adjudication left both Holy Trinity and Fenstanton open after rejecting the linked proposals.

S10

STP662, paragraphs 29-39

G-R09 · Holy Trinity Church of England Primary School, Tulse Hill — register follow-upRecorded evidence

Open in GIAS on 22 September 2026

G09

Establishment status and linked establishments, checked 22 September 2026

R10 · Pooles Park Primary SchoolRecorded evidence

Academy route retained; provision continued. The minister retained the academy order. The recorded rationale was a willing sponsor, a viable academy model and additional SEND provision and community benefits.

S11 · S12

2024 High Court judgment, paragraphs 1 and 52-53; GIAS successor URN 150522

G-R10 · Pooles Park Primary School — register follow-upRecorded evidence

Academy successor open in GIAS on 22 September 2026

S12

Establishment status and linked establishments, checked 22 September 2026

R11 · St George's Church of England Primary School, Langton MatraversRecorded evidence

Consultation stopped; two-year reprieve reported. News reports quote the trust ending consultation following feedback and ruling out structural changes in 2026/27 and 2027/28.

S13 · S14

Trust statements reported 26-27 June 2026

G-R11 · St George's Church of England Primary School, Langton Matravers — register follow-upRecorded evidence

Open in GIAS on 22 September 2026

G10

Establishment status and linked establishments, checked 22 September 2026

R12 · Hazlewood Community Primary SchoolRecorded evidence

Merger rejected; renewed closure proposal reported. The adjudicator rejected the proposed merger but found that, without replacement-building capital, the school should eventually close.

S15 · S16

STP663, paragraphs 67-74; BBC syndicated report 15 September 2026

G-R12 · Hazlewood Community Primary School — register follow-upRecorded evidence

Open in GIAS on 22 September 2026; renewed proposal reported

G11

Establishment status and linked establishments, checked 22 September 2026

F01 · Cowes Primary SchoolRecorded evidence

Closure approved by Cabinet; GIAS confirms closure on 31 August 2025. The statutory notice cited declining pupil numbers at Cowes and significant surplus places in its planning area. Cabinet approved closure. The minutes do not establish the marginal effect of the petition or the councillor's intervention.

S05 · S27 · S28 · S29 · G12

S05 item 101a; S27 paragraph 92; S29 paragraphs 2-3; S28 action taken; G12 closure date

F01-E1 · Cowes Primary School — effort 1Recorded evidence

An online petition to save the school had 479 signatures in the council's reported initial-consultation snapshot.

S27

Paragraph 92, PDF page 25

F01-E2 · Cowes Primary School — effort 2Recorded evidence

The local councillor spoke on behalf of Cowes Primary at the Cabinet meeting before leaving the room for the decision.

S05

Item 101a, minutes

F02 · Broad Oak Community Primary SchoolRecorded evidence

March 2020 report recommended closure after examining the governors' alternative; GIAS confirms closure on 31 August 2020. The council's report found the pooled budget would still reach a £33,894 deficit in 2021/22. It questioned leadership capacity, absence cover and contingency, and regarded the extra-pupil target as insufficiently evidenced.

S24 · G13

S24 sections 12.1-12.13, 14-15; G13 closure date

F02-E1 · Broad Oak Community Primary School — effort 1Recorded evidence

Governors submitted a plan for two classes, restructured leadership and a pooled three-school federation budget.

S24

Sections 12.1-12.4, PDF pages 17-18 (report pages 13-14)

F02-E2 · Broad Oak Community Primary School — effort 2Recorded evidence

The plan sought to build enrolment from 40-plus to 70-plus pupils during the next academic year.

S24

Sections 12.12-12.13, PDF page 19 (report page 15)

F03 · St Bartholomew's CofE Primary SchoolRecorded evidence

Adjudicators approved closure with a one-term extension, from 31 August to 31 December 2024. GIAS confirms the later closure date. The adjudicators accepted the demographic need to reduce places and considered the deficit, low pupil numbers and concerns over a smaller school's delivery. They found the transition arrangements insufficiently developed for some vulnerable children and extended the timetable.

S23 · G14

S23 paragraphs 2-3, 47-49 and 79-91; G14 closure date

F03-E1 · St Bartholomew's CofE Primary School — effort 1Recorded evidence

The school proposed reducing its admission number to 20 with staffing changes, and raised federation and phased closure as alternatives.

S23

Paragraphs 47-49, PDF pages 15-16

F03-E2 · St Bartholomew's CofE Primary School — effort 2Recorded evidence

Governors referred the decision to the adjudicator. The school and diocese argued for more time to support vulnerable pupils' transition.

S23

Title page, paragraph 7(b)(i), and paragraphs 82-89

F04 · De Beauvoir Primary SchoolRecorded evidence

Cabinet agreed closure in December 2023; GIAS confirms closure on 31 August 2024. The council rejected suggested pairings on grounds including walking distance and whether pupil numbers would stabilise. It maintained that the underlying demand and sustainability problem remained despite extensive opposition.

S25 · S26 · S30 · G15

S25 sections 4.24-4.28 and 7.10-7.15; S26 overview of decision; S30 consultation summary; G15 closure date

F04-E1 · De Beauvoir Primary School — effort 1Recorded evidence

Consultation produced alternative merger pairings involving De Beauvoir, including Randal Cremer and Princess May.

S25

Sections 7.10-7.12, PDF pages 37-38

F04-E2 · De Beauvoir Primary School — effort 2Recorded evidence

Across the whole Hackney package, 95% of responses that could be clearly assessed opposed the proposals. This is a programme-wide figure, not a De Beauvoir-only result.

S30

Paragraph beginning 'At the end of the consultation period'

X01 · Exhibit 1: Closure proposals can stop at several stagesDescriptive exhibit / qualitative coding

Three schools were retained during initial consultation, three at a local decision after statutory notice, and six following external intervention. These are counts within a selected catalogue, not national success rates.

S01 · S02 · S03 · S04 · S05 · S06 · S07 · S08 · S09 · S10 · S11 · S12 · S13 · S14 · S15 · S16

data/catalogue.json: schools and stage; GIAS follow-up in G-R01 to G-R12

X02 · Exhibit 2: What the decision records actually sayDescriptive exhibit / qualitative coding

Nine episodes are coded against six factors. Filled squares mean explicit decision rationale; outlined circles mean discussed or part of the route; dashes mean not established. Factors overlap and are not causal effect estimates.

S01 · S02 · S03 · S04 · S05 · S06 · S07 · S08 · S09 · S10 · S11 · S12 · S13 · S14 · S15 · S16

data/catalogue.json: reason_episodes, values and coding_notes

X03 · Exhibit 3: Six schools. Four routes through one local programme.Descriptive exhibit / qualitative coding

Of six schools, Godshill was removed before statutory notice; Brading, Oakfield and Wroxall were retained by Cabinet; Arreton was retained after adjudication; Cowes closed on 31 August 2025. This local cohort is not representative of England.

S03 · S05 · S06 · S07 · S28 · G12

S03/S05 decisions; S07 determination; S28 follow-up; G12 closure date

X04 · Exhibit 4: A stronger forecast is not yet a sustainable budgetDescriptive exhibit / qualitative coding

Original forecasts were minus £5,457, minus £62,138 and minus £145,863. Revised forecasts were £40,920, minus £3,299 and between minus £95,588 and minus £39,338. Support comprised £44,368 raised, £20,000 pledged by a trust and a £10,000 parish resolution.

S01 · S02

S01 sections 3.10, 6.4 and 7.1-7.6; forecasts in data/catalogue.json, fletching_budget

X05 · Exhibit 5: Stopping a proposal is only the first milestoneDescriptive exhibit / qualitative coding

On 30 June 2026 the adjudicator rejected the Hazlewood merger proposal but said closure should follow without capital for replacement buildings. A renewed closure proposal was reported on 15 September 2026. The school remained open in GIAS on 22 September 2026.

S15 · S16

S15 paragraphs 67-74; S16 September 2026 follow-up

X06 · Exhibit 6: Turn support into evidence a decision-maker can useEditorial synthesis

Start a costed operating plan and audit demand and closure savings. In parallel document effects on families and prepare formal submissions. Seek specialist process advice if a specific issue is evidenced. Historical frequency does not estimate the impact of these actions.

S01 · S07 · S08 · S11 · S17 · S18 · S22

Editorial synthesis; case grounds in R01, R06, R07, R10; current guidance and school type in S17-S18/S22

X07 · Exhibit 7: When an alternative did not keep a school openDescriptive exhibit / qualitative coding

Cowes had a petition and councillor representation but closed. Broad Oak submitted a federation budget, rejected on financial and delivery grounds. St Bartholomew’s proposed a smaller school and pursued adjudication; it obtained one extra term, then closed. De Beauvoir merger suggestions and wider opposition did not change the council’s conclusion. These are case observations, not estimates of tactic effectiveness.

S05 · S27 · S28 · S29 · G12 · S24 · G13 · S23 · G14 · S25 · S26 · S30 · G15

F01-F04 and their effort records; source-specific locators below

X08 · Exhibit 8: Petition counts do not reveal a success thresholdDescriptive exhibit / qualitative coding

Online petition counts were Oakfield 1,258, Brading 702, Godshill 493, Cowes 479, Arreton 445 and Wroxall 394. Cowes closed in August 2025; the other five proposals stopped. Paper signatures are recorded separately and not summed. The observations do not identify a petition’s causal effect or an effective threshold.

S03 · S05 · S07 · S27 · S28 · G12

S27 paragraph 92, PDF page 25; data/unsuccessful-cases.json, petition_snapshot; outcome decisions and follow-up

L01 · A financial alternativeEditorial inference; not a causal estimate

Test every year of the plan and show credible staffing, reserves, pupil demand and partner commitments.

S01 · S02 · S24 · G13

See the paired case records and their source locators

L02 · External challengeEditorial inference; not a causal estimate

Tie each challenge to a specific defect and its practical remedy. A delay and a lasting reprieve are different outcomes.

S08 · S23 · G14

See the paired case records and their source locators

L03 · Public mobilisationEditorial inference; not a causal estimate

Use mobilisation to recruit evidence, expertise and commitments. These observations do not measure whether petitions helped.

S03 · S05 · S07 · S27 · S28 · G12

See the paired case records and their source locators

CTX · Kew context and current processContext, not a legal finding about Richmond

Kew is a community school; the project describes initial consultation. Check current guidance and school-specific eligibility before relying on a historic route.

S17 · S18 · S19 · S20 · S21 · S22

S17 pages 15-18/21-23; S18 applicability; S19-S21 consultation; S22 school type

H01 · Hackney consultation denominatorRecorded evidence

The reported 95% is rounded from 207 opposed out of 219 clear proposal-level responses. There were 175 submissions and people could address multiple proposals.

S25 · S30

S25 sections 4.24-4.28, PDF pages 10-11. Not a De Beauvoir-only percentage.